Traveling across the country in a small van

You may contact the Maryland Department of Health & Mental Hygiene/Division of Vital Records at 410-764-3182 to request an Affidavit, Or download from the link below. You can establish paternity using an Affidavit up until your child’s 18th birthday. Signing the Affidavit is your choice.

How do you add a name to a birth certificate in Maryland?

​A birth certificate registered by the State Registrar may be amended in accordance with Md. Code Ann., Health-General § 4-214. The State Registrar adopts rules governing the form of these requests and the type and amount of proof required. To request a change to a birth certificate, you may email the affidavit and associated paperwork to [email protected] and a representative will contact you directly regarding the request and payment options.

You may also mail the request to amend a birth record form with a $10 amendment fee and a $10 certificate fee noting on the form what type of change is needed. After we receive your request and the amendment fee, we will evaluate your request for processing and respond, in writing, if there is a need for additional information.

Changes to birth certificates include:

Can you put the dad on the birth certificate?

Steps to take if mother is not putting father on birth certificate – It can be quite difficult when the mother refuses to name the father on a birth certificate. Without being on the birth certificate the father may not be entitled to parental responsibility automatically.

In order to try and overcome this issue a father can look to initially communicate with the mother. If both parents can reach an agreement amicably then there is no need for court intervention. If agreeable the mother can add the fathers name to the birth certificate at any time. If the mother does not agree the father will need to consider making an application to the court as mentioned above.

The courts will need to be satisfied through a DNA test of the fathers identity. Once paternity is established the child’s birth can be re-registered with the fathers name. At Kabir Family Law, our child law specialists can assist you in adding your name to the birth certificate.

Does father have rights if not on birth certificate in Maryland?

What Rights Does an Unmarried Father Have in Maryland? – Legally, a child born to unmarried parents does not have a father in Maryland. Before the child reaches the age of 18, the unmarried father needs to sign the birth certificate and the Affidavit of Parentage. At that point, he has full legal rights.

How much is a paternity test in Maryland?

Cost: $25.00 application fee and $34.50 per person for genetic testing.

Can I add name in birth certificate?

Your name is an important part of your identity. It differentiates you from others and gives a sense of who you are. But, what if the name in your birth certificate was incorrectly written? In a legal document like a birth certificate, a correct name is crucial in having an accurate record.

For instance, if you need to obtain a driver’s license or process marriage requirements, you may need to present your birth certificate. An error in your name can lead to confusion. Luckily, it’s possible to correct a mistake in your birth certificate concerning your first name. You only need to file a petition for correction of clerical error under the provisions of the amended Republic Act (RA) 9048,

However, before we get to the steps on how to change the name in your birth certificate in the Philippines, let’s first understand RA 9048, the corrections allowed under it, and the eligibility requirements for filing a petition. What is Republic Act 9048? RA 9048 allows the civil registrar to correct clerical or typographical errors in the petitioner’s birth certificate without the need for a judicial proceeding. 5 Corrections Allowed Under RA 9048 In 2012, RA 9048 was amended by RA 10172, further authorizing the civil registrar to correct clerical or typographical errors in the birthdate or sex of a petitioner without the need to file a petition in court. RA 10172 defines clerical or typographical errors as harmless mistakes made during the clerical work of writing, copying, transcribing, or typing an entry in the civil register.

Some examples include having your name written as “Ma.” in your birth certificate instead of “Maria,” your sex as “female” rather than “male,” or your birthday written a month off. As long as the error doesn’t involve changing the petitioner’s nationality, age, or status, the civil registrar can simply correct these clerical or typographical errors.

Here are the instances in which entries in the birth certificate can be changed or corrected by the civil registrar:

Correction of misspelled first or last name Correction of misspelled birthplace Correction of a mistake in the day or month of birth Correction of sex Change of first name or nickname

Regarding the change of first name or nickname, you can’t file for a petition just because you want to. There are three valid grounds enumerated in Section 4 of RA 9048,

Your first name or nickname is ridiculous, tainted with dishonor, or extremely difficult to write or pronounce You habitually use your new name and are publicly known by that name in the community The change will avoid confusion

Who May File a Petition for Correction of Clerical Error? Anyone who has a direct and personal interest in correcting the clerical or typographical errors in an entry or changing their first name in the civil register may file a verified petition. You can only file a petition once, and the civil registry office will keep the previous record that was changed or corrected. The law prescribes a particular format for the petition for correction of a clerical error. Here are the basic requirements.

Contents of the petition The petition should be in the form of a notarized affidavit. It should contain the following:

Facts establishing the merits of the petition Information showing that you’re competent to testify about the matters stated in the affidavit The erroneous entry or entries to be corrected and the proposed correction(s)

Supporting Documents To support your petition, you must attach the following documents to the affidavit:

A certified true copy of the birth certificate or of the page of the registry book containing the entry or entries you want to be corrected or changed At least two public or private documents showing the correct entry or entries, which will serve as the basis for the correction or change A certification from appropriate law enforcement agencies showing that you have no pending case or no criminal record Other documents that you, the city or municipal civil registrar, or consul general may consider relevant and necessary for the approval of the petition

Distribution of the petition documents You should file three copies of the petition and its supporting documents to be distributed as follows:

First copy – the concerned city or municipal civil registrar or consul general Second copy – the Office of the Civil Registrar General Third copy – your copy

Publication If the petition you filed is for a change of first name or nickname, it should be published at least once a week for two consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation. This is in compliance with Section 5 of RA 9048, Filing fee The city or municipal civil registrar or the consul general shall collect a reasonable fee for the processing of the petition. Here are the current rates:

P1,000 – for correction of clerical or typographical errors P3,000 – for change of first name or nickname

If you’re filing with the consul general, the fees to be collected are as follows:

$50 – for correction of clerical or typographical errors $150 – for change of first name or nickname

If you’re an indigent petitioner, you’re exempted from paying the filing fee.

Examination of the Petition Documents Upon receiving your documents, the civil registrar or consul general will evaluate your petition and the supporting papers. If the affidavit passes the required format and contents, the office will post the petition in a public place for 10 consecutive days.

After the posting and/or publication requirements have been complied with, the office will decide if your petition is granted. This usually takes five working days. Correct Errors Without Going to Court Before RA 9048, you have to file a petition in court if you want to correct a clerical or typographical error in your birth certificate or change your first name or nickname.

Now, you can file a petition for these changes and corrections without having to secure a judicial order, thanks to RA 9048 and RA 10172. If you need a copy of your PSA birth certificate, you can process it in person through the nearest Census Serbilis Center,

How can I add my child name in birth certificate online?

How to add name in birth certificate online? – How to add name in birth certificate online? Below is the step by step process of birth certificate name add online :

1. For name adding in birth certificate g o to the website of https://crsorgi.gov.in
2. Then click on sign up if you are a new user.
3. Fill out the form with accurate and correct information.
4. Submit the form and upload all the required documents with the form. And complete all the procedures.
5. The birth certificate with having the name on it will come after some days.

So, above is the process of how to add name in birth certificate online,

Can you put Dad on birth certificate without him being present?

Parental responsibility is a legal term that means you have the right to be involved in important decisions like your child’s living arrangements, education, religion and medical treatment. It’s not automatically given to all fathers, so it’s important to understand how it works, particularly if you’re going through a separation and dealing with childcare arrangements.

Who has parental responsibility? Being the child’s biological father does not automatically give you parental rights. If you weren’t married when your child was born, you may not have parental responsibility. This will depend on how the birth was registered. Registering the birth of your child All births should be registered within 42 days (six weeks) of the baby being born.

Birth certificates are required to have the details of the biological mother and – where possible – the details of the biological father. In other words, if you’re not married to the child’s mother, you need to be present at the birth registration to guarantee your right to parental responsibility.

Who can register the birth? It is usually the mother’s responsibility to register the birth, but the father can do it on his own if he is married to the mother. An unmarried father can only register the birth on his own if the mother has made a statutory declaration acknowledging him as the father of the child, or if he brings along a parental responsibility agreement or a court order,

When an unmarried father doesn’t sign the birth register, his details aren’t included on the birth certificate and he is not given parental responsibility. If this is the case for you, there are two ways to get parental responsibility:

1. Make a statutory declaration acknowledging that you are the father. The mother must give this to the registrar.
2. Present a parental responsibility agreement or court order at the register office.

It’s also possible to re-register the birth at a later date to include your details. You’ll need the mother to agree to this. What is parental responsibility? Parental responsibility (PR) is a legal term, defined in the Children Act 1989 as: ” all the rights, duties, powers, responsibilities and authorities which by law a parent of a child has in relation to the child and his property “.

Without parental responsibility, you don’t have any right to be involved in important decisions like where the child lives and goes to school. You could also be left out of big decisions like taking the child out of the country. Since 1 December 2003, fathers who register a child’s birth with the mother automatically have parental responsibility.

If your child’s birth was registered before this date and you were not married to the mother, you can apply to re-register the birth with the mother’s agreement, or apply for a court order or agreement. You automatically have parental responsibility if:

• You are the biological mother of the child.
• You are the father of the child and are married to (or later marry) the mother.
• You are an unmarried father and are registered on the birth certificate (this only applies to births registered since 1 December 2003).
• You have adopted the child.

You do not have parental responsibility if:

• You are an unmarried father and are not registered on the birth certificate.
• You are not the biological parent, even if your partner is.

You can get parental responsibility in the following ways:

• If you are the biological father:
  • You can re-register the birth with the mother.
  • You can make a PR agreement with the mother’s consent.
  • You can apply to the court for a PR order if the mother refuses to make an agreement.
• If you are the partner of the biological parent and your partner’s child lives with you, you can get PR in one of several ways:
  • You can ask the court for a residence order.
  • You can make a PR agreement with consent from the child’s parents.
  • You can apply for a court order.
  • You can apply for an adoption order.

Further support Gov.uk has more information on parental rights and responsibilities,

How do you add a father’s name?

Add Father’s Name to a Birth Record – The procedure for adding a father’s name to a birth record varies depending on the parents’ marital status, both at the time of birth and at the time the amendment to the record is requested, as well as the current presence or absence of another name on record as the father.

If a different person’s name is currently on record as the father: A court order will be required in order to make any changes to the record. Normally an attorney is needed for this type of action. If the mother was married to another man during the child’s conception or birth: A court order will be required in order to make any changes to the record.

Normally an attorney is needed for this type of action. If the mother was married to another man during the child’s conception or birth and there is no father listed on the child’s certificate, a three-way paternity affidavit can be filled out. The mother and husband/ex-husband will sign the back of the form and the mother and biological father will sign the front of the form.

1. Both sides of this form must be notarized by a notary public.
2. Parents can come in person to the Arkansas Department of Health at 4815 West Markham, Slot 44, Little Rock, AR 72205, or they submit a request that the form and instructions be mailed to them via phone (501-682-1214), fax (501-661-2869), or email ([email protected]).

Alternatively, they can obtain the form from any hospital’s medical records department and return it completed, along with payment, by mail to the Arkansas Department of Health at the address above. Office hours for the Arkansas Department of Health are Monday through Friday, 8:00am to 4:30pm, with the exception of state holidays, when the office is closed.

• If the mother and father were married to one another during the child’s conception or birth and no name is currently on record as the father: An affidavit for correction will need to be signed by both parents.
• Please contact the Arkansas Department of Health at 4815 West Markham, Slot 44, Little Rock, AR 72205, either by mail, in person, by phone (501-682-1214), by fax (501-661-2869), or by email ( [email protected] ).

Office hours for the Arkansas Department of Health are Monday through Friday, 8:00am to 4:30pm, with the exception of state holidays, when the office is closed. If the mother and father were not married to one another during the child’s conception or birth and remain unmarried now: An Acknowledgement of Paternity (PA) or affidavit for correction will need to be completed.

Parents can come in person to the Arkansas Department of Health at 4815 West Markham, Slot 44, Little Rock, AR 72205, or they submit a request that the requisite forms and instructions be mailed to them via phone (501-682-1214), fax (501-661-2869), or email ( [email protected] ). Alternatively, they can obtain the Acknowledgement of Paternity form from any hospital’s medical records department and return it completed, along with payment, by mail to the Arkansas Department of Health at the address above.

Office hours for the Arkansas Department of Health are Monday through Friday, 8:00am to 4:30pm, with the exception of state holidays, when the office is closed. If the mother and father were not married to one another during the child’s conception or birth and have since married: Paperwork for a legitimation will need to be completed.

Can a father get access if not on birth certificate?

Does a parent have rights if not on the birth certificate? – If a father is not named on the birth certificate, they have no legal rights regarding their child. However, the father can enter into a Parental Responsibility Agreement with the mother, which would give the father the same rights as the mother, or the father can apply to court for a Parental Responsibility Order.

Does signing a birth certificate establish paternity in Maryland?

Once it is signed, it becomes a legal finding of paternity. An Affidavit of Parentage cannot be executed if the mother was married at the time of conception or birth of the child.

Is Maryland a father state?

Generally – Maryland law presumes that both natural parents are the natural custodians of their children. The law does not favor either the mother or father. This article is designed to give you general information on how courts decide custody and visitation rights in Maryland.

Either of the separated parents may petition a circuit court in Maryland for custody of a child. If the parties cannot agree about who should have custody, the court will grant custody either solely to one of the parents or shared between parents. The law looks at the “best interests” of the child standard when deciding on child custody and visitation.

The “best interests” of the child standard looks at certain factors to determine what is best for the child or children. All court ordered custody has two components, legal and physical. Grandparents and others may seek custody, but the presumption in favor of the natural parents can make it difficult.

Are paternity tests 100%?

A DNA paternity test is nearly 100% accurate at determining whether a man is another person’s biological father. DNA tests can use cheek swabs or blood tests. You must have the test done in a medical setting if you need results for legal reasons. Prenatal paternity tests can determine fatherhood during pregnancy.

At what age in Maryland can a child choose which parent to live with?

At What Age Is A Child’s Preference Taken Into Account? – In Maryland, a court will take the child’s preference into account when they are 16 years old. Once a child reaches the age of 16, they also have the right to petition for the custody arrangement to be altered.

How much blood is needed for a paternity test?

Blood Amount for Tests Is Crucial : Simpson case: Most of the specimens on which the prosecution is building its case barely meet minimum requirements for accurate DNA results. A second test requires a smaller sample, but the results are far less definitive.

• And as pretrial arguments swirled around the use of genetic blood testing, it was clear that the amount of blood available for such tests will be crucial, according to scientists in the field.
• One small drop, which would be about the size of a dime if smeared onto clothing, is the minimum amount necessary to obtain viable genetic fingerprinting using the most accurate DNA test, called RFLP.
• Prosecutor Marcia Clark is relying on the esoteric technology to try to prove that blood drops on a sidewalk at the townhouse where Simpson’s ex-wife and her friend were killed belong to Simpson, and that bloodstains in his Ford Bronco and on a glove found at his Brentwood estate belong to the victims.

Simpson’s defense team wants to obtain a portion of each blood sample to conduct its own testing, but most of the blood specimens on which Clark is building her case barely meet the minimum size requirement. Some are smaller. It might be possible to obtain results with the smaller samples, according to geneticist George F.

• Sensabaugh Jr.
• Of UC Berkeley, but the chances are poor that the results would be useful.
• In Monday’s hearing, Clark said it is unlikely there will be enough left over for independent testing by the defense.
• For those blood specimens not large enough for RFLP fingerprinting, the prosecution will fall back on a second, less specific type of fingerprinting called PCR.

It requires a far smaller sample and is performed much more quickly, but its results are not nearly as definitive. Clark may also find it harder to have PCR results admitted into court because the technique is newer than RFLP and has not been used in court nearly as often.

• RFLP, an acronym for Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism testing, is a well-studied, time-consuming test that can show with a very high degree of certainty-at least 999,999 chances in 1 million-that two samples are from the same person.
• The test, first developed in 1985, looks at four to six segments of DNA that have a unique length in each individual.

RFLP requires 50 nanograms of DNA. That is not very much blood, according to Dr. Paul R. Billings of the California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco. One milliliter of blood, an amount about the size of the eraser on a pencil, contains 20,000 nanograms.

• PCR testing requires a stain only about the size of the head of a pin, according to Mark Stolorow of Cellmark Ltd.
• In Gaithersburg, Md., which is performing DNA testing for the LAPD in the Simpson case.
• In this technique, a biochemical process called Polymerase Chain Reaction is used to replicate segments of DNA, increasing the quantity a million times or more.

But PCR does not provide as much information as RFLP. The most commonly used form involves a series of six markers called, collectively, DQ-alpha. PCR tests using DQ-alpha have been admitted in court in more than 80 court cases in 23 states, according to Kristin Garvin of Perkin-Elmer Corp., the test’s manufacturer.

But even under the best of circumstances, DQ-alpha provides odds of no better than 93 in 100 that two samples are from the same individual. PCR is better for showing somebody did not commit a crime than for showing guilt, according to criminalist Jack Mertens of the FBI’s Forensic Laboratory. Reported PCR results for the glove found on Simpson’s estate, for example, show that the blood on it could have come from either Simpson or his ex-wife.

But the results were so poor that the blood could have come from 50% of the entire population, said forensics expert William Thompson of UC Irvine. Presumably because of this, Clark said that the prosecution wants to do a different type of PCR testing on the same samples, using a set of probes called “polymarkers.” These probes are more definitive than DQ-alpha, but are much newer and have not been accepted in as many court cases, Sensabaugh said.

Given the high reliability of RFLP testing, perhaps the best hope of the defense lies in finding errors in Cellmark’s testing. Shapiro’s co-counsel, Barry Scheck, said Monday that the company had made a mistake in a 1989 proficiency test-in which Cellmark was asked to match standardized blood samples whose identities were unknown to its scientists.

In an interview with The Times, Stolorow conceded that error, but noted that the company had tightened its procedures substantially since then. “We are now involved in every available externally offered proficiency test for forensic DNA analysis, and we have made no errors in the last 300 to 400 test samples over the last five years,” he said.

• Sleuthing With DNA DNA analysis, or genetic fingerprinting, will be a key aspect in the O.J.
• Simpson murder case as prosecutors hope to show that blood samples will link him to the crime.
• DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, contains the genetic information that is unique to each individual.
• It can be extracted from blood, hair, skin or other body fluids or tissues.

Two types of DNA tests are being performed on samples in the Simpson case.

1. THE LONG TEST
2. Here is a look at how RFLP testing, the conventional process, works:
3. 1) DNA is extracted from body tissue or fluids, such as blood, collected from suspects and evidence.
4. 2) The DNA is chemically cut into fragments using restriction enzymes.
5. 3) The resulting DNA fragments are placed in a gel and separated into bands by running an electric current through it, a process called electrophoresis.
6. 4) The pattern, invisible at this point, is transferred to a nylon membrane.

5) Radioactive DNA probes are applied to the membrane and bind to matching DNA sequences. Excess, unattached, DNA probes are washed away.6) X-ray film is placed next to the membrane. The film is developed, revealing a pattern of bands where the radioactive probe has bound to the DNA fragments.

This DNA profile is the genetic fingerprint.7) The final DNA fingerprint is a pattern of light and dark bands that looks like a supermarket bar code. The DNA fingerprint is compared to DNA from other samples, such as blood found at a crime scene. THE QUICK TEST A new type of DNA testing, called PCR typing, can be used on much smaller samples of DNA and takes much less time than RFLP typing, but it is less definitive.

LAPD forensic scientists have used PCR typing on samples obtained from the Simpson crime scene, but are not introducing them in the preliminary hearing. PCR test results have not been accepted into evidence by courts in California. Here’s how it works: 1.

• DNA is extracted from body tissue or fluids and purified.2.
• The intact DNA is combined with short fragments of known DNA, called primers, and other chemicals that cause the DNA to be replicated.
• The primers cause only certain short segments of DNA to replicate.
• Within 30 cycles of replication, the amount of DNA increases 1 million times.3.

Small quantities of the replicated DNA are applied to eight to 10 spots on a reagent strip. Each spot contains a different segment of known DNA. If the replicated DNA contains a segment matching the known segment, a blue color appears on the spot.4. The pattern of spots from a sample obtained at a crime scene is compared to that from a suspect.

• PCR vs. RFLP
• Time required for results:
• PCR: One week or less
• RFLP: Four to six weeks
• Chances of identical results from two different people:
• PCR: 1 to 500 to 1 in 2,000
• RFLP: 1 in 1 million
• Admissibility in California courts:
• PCR: No precedent
• RFLP: Precedent for admission
• Sources: Associated Press, Cellmark Diagnostics, Congressional Quarterly, New Scientist magazine, Parkin-Elmer Corp.
• Researched by NONA YATES / Los Angeles Times

: Blood Amount for Tests Is Crucial : Simpson case: Most of the specimens on which the prosecution is building its case barely meet minimum requirements for accurate DNA results. A second test requires a smaller sample, but the results are far less definitive.

Can two women’s names be on a birth certificate Maryland?

Maryland Will Issue Birth Certificates Naming Two Married Moms as Parents: Lambda Legal Applauds New Protection for Children (New York, February 11, 2011)—Yesterday the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene issued a letter to state birth registrars announcing a procedure change allowing a woman to be named as a parent on the Maryland birth certificate of the child born to her same-sex married spouse, without the necessity of a court order.

1. Lambda Legal applauds this advance for Maryland children.
2. Statement from Susan Sommer, Director of Constitutional Litigation at Lambda Legal: “The Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and its Division of Vital Records now gives critical protection to Maryland children born to two married women with its new procedure for issuing birth certificates naming both mothers as parents.

We commend the state’s advance to protect children. “This procedure change follows the 2010 opinion of Attorney General Douglas Gansler confirming that, under longstanding Maryland law, out-of-state marriages of same-sex couples receive legal respect and should be treated like any other marriage.

Lambda Legal has advocated with the government for this important step for Maryland children, who now can count on having both their moms listed on their birth certificates from their first days in the world. “Of course, these families should still protect their children with formal adoptions by the non-biological parent, but now children will start their lives with the added security of a birth certificate accurately describing their families.

“The reality is that thousands of children are being reared in Maryland by same-sex couples. Marriage in turn brings thousands of protections to families with children. Same-sex couples should not have to leave their state and marry elsewhere to get critical protections for their children.

We urge the Maryland legislature to pass the Religious Freedom and Civil Marriage Protection Act to make Maryland families that much more secure.” This week, Sommer to the Maryland Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee in support of the Religious Freedom and Civil Marriage Protection Act, which would allow same-sex couples to marry in Maryland.

During her testimony, Sommer described the experiences of three same-sex couples, Lambda Legal clients, whose out-of-state marriages should be recognized as a matter of Maryland law, but who still face challenges to receiving the full benefits and protections of marriage.

###

: Maryland Will Issue Birth Certificates Naming Two Married Moms as Parents: Lambda Legal Applauds New Protection for Children

How much is a MD birth certificate?

COVID-19 Update – Vital Records Available By Appointment Only – 9am-3pm M-F, Call ahead for appointment and verify info. Vital Records Paula Dove E-Mail: [email protected] Death Certificates Certified copies of death certificates filed in Garrett County may be obtained at the local health department within 30 days of the event for a fee of $18 for the first copy and $20 for each additional copy.

1. Certified copies of previous deaths can be obtained through the Division of Vital Records in Baltimore, Maryland, for a fee of $10 for the first copy and $12 for each additional copy.
2. Birth Certificates Garrett County Health Department provides certified copies of birth certificates for individuals born in Maryland from 1940 to present.

Certificates are available to the person named on the certificate, their parent or guardian. The applicant must apply in person, complete an application, present a photo ID, and pay the current fee of $20 per copy. Maryland local health departments cannot accept applications for certificates by mail.

Can you get a birth certificate same day in MD?

Order in person (same day service): – Dennis Avenue Health Center 2000 Dennis Avenue, Suite #27 Silver Spring. MD 240-773-1207 Monday, Wednesday, Friday 8:30 to 11:30 a.m.1:00 to 3:00 p.m. Excluding holidays and County government closure Walk-in service.

No appointment needed. The fee to obtain a birth certificate in Montgomery County is $25 payable by cash, credit card or check/money order. To receive same day service, the applicant must present a valid, unexpired, government-issued photo ID displaying issued and expiration dates. Applicants unable to provide valid photo ID will be be able to receive certificates the same day and must provide two (2) different pieces of alternative documentation.

At least one of these documents must contain a current mailing address. Acceptable documents are:

Pay stub Current car registration Bank statement Letter from a government agency requesting a vital record Lease/rental agreement Utility bill with current address Copy of income tax return/W-2 form​

Birth Certificate Application – English/Spanish (PDF) (application can be completed online and printed before coming to the office) To obtain a birth certificate at the Montgomery County Office of Vital Records, the applicant must have been born in Maryland AFTER 1939.